Experiments need to be carried out at reservoir conditions including temperature, co2 partial pressure and ph using live crude, reservoir brine. This research employed a heterogeneous synthetic threedimensional reservoir to model lsw flooding for a twophase system including brine high salinity to low salinity and oil. Review of low salinity water flooding the current experimental methodologies around low salinity water flooding should be refined and standardised. Modelling of low salinity water flooding using stars and gem. The physicschemistry of lowsalinity water injection is discussed from porelevel mechanisms to fieldscale application, with an emphasis on surface chemistry, relativepermeability measurements, practical reservoirengineering design tools, and fitting simulation.
Since mechanistic modeling, for the low salinity water injection, is not seen in the literature, in this project, we investigate a mechanistic modeling approach for the low salinity water injection. Low salinity waterflood lsw has become an attractive enhanced oil recovery. Investigating the effect of transient flow behavior from hsw. This school covers the basics of wettability and low salinity water flooding. Low salinity waterflooding lswf is a potential new method for enhanced oil recovery eor in sandstone and carbonate rock formations. When ferrous ion is present in the formation water, that is, acidic water, the injection of low salinity water generally with neutral ph can yield precipitation or dissolution of feminerals by ph mixing effect. Simulation of geochemical processes during low salinity water. Development of hybrid low salinity water polymer flooding. The relative permeability of the low salinity case indicates a more waterwet state than that of the high salinity flood. Potential problems associated with waterflood techniques include inefficient recovery due to variable permeability, or similar conditions affecting fluid transport within the reservoir, and early water breakthrough that may cause production and. The mechanisms of low salinity water flooding lswf must be better understood at high temperatures and pressures if the method is to be applied in high tp kaolinitebearing sandstone reservoirs. Core flood modelling of ionexchange during low salinity.
The lowsalinity waterflooding is an attractive ecofriendly producing method, recently, for carbonate reservoirs. Lowsalinity waterflooding lswf is a potential new method for enhanced oil recovery eor in sandstone and carbonate rock formations. The relative permeability of the low salinity case indicates a more water wet state than that of the high salinity flood. Low salinity waterflooding fundamentals and case studies. Simulation study of salinity effect on polymer flooding in. Wettability alteration appears to be an important mechanism for low salinity water flooding, but two major challenges in predicting the low salinity effect are 1 to understand the contribution. Numerical simulation of low salinity water flooding. The unknown variables we solve for are water saturation s dimensionless, and concentrations cna, ccl, cca, cso, cmg in terms of mole per liter water. Eclipse 100 black oil simulator was used to model and simulate this recovery scenario and the performance is compared with two other water drive production scenarios namely. An enhanced oil recovery method that uses water with a low concentration of dissolved salts as a flooding medium.
The change of wettability toward more water wet by the injection of low salinity water can improve oil recovery from porous rocks, which is known as low salinity water flooding. Modeling of low salinity effects in sandstone oil rocks 97 directly involved in the waterrock chemistry model in terms of the mie process. Pdf low salinity waterflooding lsw is an applicable, simple and cheap enhancedoil recovery eor technique for improving oil recovery. Investigation of the potential of low salinity water flooding.
Flooding the cores with hs water followed by ls at other temperatures 70, 90, and 120c generally resulted in an increased incremental uor due to ls of 2 to 4%. The mechanism of low salinity waterflooding still needs to be resolved issues include preservation and restoration of reservoir cores, crude oil, and initial water saturation. Simulation results from new model were validated against the following. Mechanistic modeling of low salinity water flooding sciencedirect. Investigating the effect of transient flow behavior from hsw to lsw. The 2d study focused on capturing the movement of the water saturation fronts. Modeling of low salinity waterflooding for enhanced oil.
Numerical study of low salinity water flooding in naturally. Low salinity water flooding lsw is an emerging eor technique in which the salinity of the injected water is controlled to improve oil displacement efficiency without a significant loss of injectivity due to clay swelling. In this study, effects of salinity in lswf are investigated through simulations of a 3 dimensional synthetic reservoir model by eclipse 100 software. The papers published on lowsalinity recovery are mostly based on laboratory displacement experiments, and there are therefore few examples of reservoir modeling of lowsalinity water flooding. In particular, the presence of clay minerals is a favorable condition for the high efficiency of this process. Low salinity water flooding has drawn increasing attention in the past decade as an emerging low cost enhanced oil recovery eor technique that improves oil recovery by altering the rock. No salinity considered low salinity in chaoyang gou reservoirs 2. Technical report pdf available november 2016 with 1,996 reads how we measure reads. Like alkaline flooding, low salinity water reduced the interfacial tension between the reservoir oil and water and ph elevation tended to make the rock more water wet and low salinity as new technique of enhanced oil recovery. Mechanistic modelling of low salinity waterflood in clastics.
Low salinity water flooding simulation study by low jun leon, 12638 supervisor. The water from injection wells physically sweeps the displaced oil to adjacent production wells. The physicschemistry of low salinity water injection is discussed from porelevel mechanisms to fieldscale application, with an emphasis on surface chemistry, relativepermeability measurements, practical reservoirengineering design tools, and fitting simulation. Mechanistic modelling of low salinity waterflood in. Simulation results show an increase of about 34% in the recovery of low salinity polymer flooding compared to the water flooding scenario. Mechanistic modeling of low salinity water injection cpge. A novel method to model lowsalinitywater injection in carbonate oil. Low salinity as new technique of enhanced oil recovery. Simulation and experimental investigation of low salinity. In the present paper, the results of oil recovery by lowsalinity water flooding from core material sampled from the aqueous zone of a.
Carbonate rocks, on the other hand was first investigated by bagci et al. Several mechanisms for low salinity injection have been proposed, but scientists have not yet reached a consensus regarding the main mechanisms. The obtained results show that exact determination of salinity threshold and its. Potential of lowsalinity waterflooding technology to improve oil. Simulation and experimental investigation of low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs authors hasan n. The 2d study focused on capturing the movement of the water saturation fronts in transparent 2d sand packs via digital recordings. The efficiency of waterflooding process is effected via reservoir and fluid parameters. Director, cipr, uni research and professor university of bergen cmg can simulate low salinity water flooding better as compare to eclipse for field application. Improved oil recovery mechanisms from low salinity water injection in clastic and carbonate formations practical process modelling approaches using new and existing features in cmg software differences between the simulation results of the mechanistic modelling. A new surfactant flooding model for low permeability.
Lowsalinity enhanced oil recovery eor effects have for a long time been associated with sandstone reservoirs containing clay minerals. The main motivation for field application of low salinity waterflooding is the. The ph stayed below 7 in both low salinity and high salinity cases. Evaluating physicochemical properties of crude oil as. Existing numerical simulation models for low salinity flooding use empirical relationsh. Numerical reservoir simulation of low salinity water flooding using schlumberger eclipse. Simulation of low salinity water injection with eclipse. Upon switching to ls water, the additional incremental uor was 6% and 4% ooip at 25c for high and low oil viscosity, respectively. Low salinity water flooding schlumberger private chuck kossack schlumberger advisor january 12 denver, colorado low salinity water flooding 1 sis training ntnu lecture theoryoverview of low salinity water flooding eclipse modeling of lswf schlumberger private sensitivity study of lswf economics january 12 low salinity water flooding 2. Oct 17, 2018 low salinity water lsw flooding is one of the newest eor techniques which has more advantageous over other eor techniques. The sources of lowsalinity water are typically rivers, lakes.
Stars is good for chemical processes and gem is good for gas processes. Recently, a laboratory study showing lowsalinity eor effects from composite carbonate core material was reported. Learn how to model the effects of low salinity water injection lswi as an eor process in cmgs calgarybased training course designed for reservoir. This program has resulted in a series of publications58 and the registration. Simulation of geochemical processes during low salinity. Encouraging low salinity waterflood eor in the north sea. The obtained results show that exact determination of salinity threshold and its wettability. Nov 19, 20 the first base case uses high salinity hs water flooding technique by injecting 35000ppm of brine from the starting to the end of production, totally 10 years or 3650 days.
All the programs use the same math and the current math for low sal involves. Several mechanisms for lowsalinity injection have been proposed, but scientists have not yet reached a consensus regarding the main mechanisms. The estimated kr and pccurves indicated that the rock was water wet in the high salinity floods and mixedwet in the low salinity floods. A software package for geochemical modeling of aqueous systems. Also it will explore numerical modeling developments of this eor approach. Lswf approach has gained an attention in the oil and gas industry due to its potential advantages over the conventional waterflooding and other chemical eor technologies. When ferrous ion is present in the formation water, that is, acidic water, the injection of lowsalinity water generally with neutral ph can yield. Experiments need to be carried out at reservoir conditions including temperature, co2 partial pressure and ph using live crude, reservoir brine and native core with wettability conditions. Not limited to pure lsw, it can also be used to model and design hybrid eor lsw techniques such as low salinity wateralternatingco2. Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding i n. Lowsalinity water flooding has drawn increasing attention in the past decade as an emerging lowcost enhanced oil recovery eor technique. Conditions for a lowsalinity enhanced oil recovery eor. Low salinity eor low salinity eor is a recognised technique with examples of successful field applications around the world. High salinity water flooding low salinity water flooding figure 28.
In particular, the presence of clay minerals is a favorable condition for the high efficiency of. Lowsalinity water lsw flooding is one of the newest eor techniques which has more advantageous over other eor techniques. Wettability alteration was referred to as the reason for low salinity water injection with negligible reduction in interfacial tension. Low salinity water as a means of improving oil recovery has recently generated interest both from petroleum science and industry. Pdf simulation of low salinity waterflooding in a fractured. Low salinity waterflooding fundamentals and case studies norman r. This webinar discusses the low salinity water injection workflow available in gem and introduced a practical modelling workflow. A matlab based finite volume ceor simulator was developed for modeling the recovery of oil by low salinity water polymer flooding lswpf in a proposed geostatistical method of generating porous media. Even though the proposed screening criteria for low salinity water flooding lswf. A new surfactant flooding model for low permeability reservoirs. This study aims to investigate the possibility of using low salinity water flooding in naturally fractured reservoirs. Furthermore, to simulate the lsw flooding process, matlab software computer. It is approximately 32 km southeast of the frigg field and 25km northeast of the heimdal field. In addition, using the second set of data, simulation of low salinity polymer flooding scenario is investigated in a long core model, taken from one of the southwestern fields of iran.
Together with the oil company bp and partners from the max planck institute for dynamics and selforganization in gottingen and from the nanogeoscience center at copenhagen university, we have been exploring for several years the microscopic origin of this socalled lowsalinity water flooding process. The wettability changes are taking into account in terms of oil water relative, saturation and capillary pressure as these parameters play a key role during the simulation of brine injection. Low salinity water flooding experiments and interpretation by. Like alkaline flooding, low salinity water reduced the interfacial tension between the reservoir oil and water and ph elevation tended to make the rock more waterwet and low salinity as new technique of enhanced oil recovery. For core saturated with high viscosity oil core2, flooding with hs water at 25c resulted. Anticipated to be attractive for the north sea where there is long history of conventional waterflood. Comparative remaining oil saturation after high and low salinity water flooding lsw has the highest efficiency in terms of improved oil recovery e. Modelling of low salinity water flooding using stars and gem cmg is now offering training courses online due to the current circumstances with covid19. Mechanistic modeling, design, and optimization of low.
A study of low salinity water flooding in 1d and 2d. Modeling low salinity waterflooding in mineralogically different. The high salinity water flood with formation water was found to give close to pistonlike displacement, while the oil was produced over much longer periods in lswf. Crude oilbrinerock interactions identification of a field in wyoming suitable for a bp welltowell test of low salinity waterflooding. Technical report pdf available november 2016 with 1,973 reads how we measure reads.
January 12 sc hlumberger private 2 sis training low salinity water flooding lsw simple concept during water flooding inject fresh water or at least water with lower dissolved salts that the. Salt concentration, and thus the salinity, is modelled as a water tracer that does not react with the reservoir formation. Enhanced oil recovery efficiency of lowsalinity water. The papers published on low salinity recovery are mostly based on laboratory displacement experiments, and there are therefore few examples of reservoir modeling of low salinity water flooding. The field is located in blocks 252 and255 in the central north sea. Potential of lowsalinity waterflooding technology to improve. The wettability changes are taking into account in terms of oilwater relative, saturation and capillary pressure as these parameters play a key role during the simulation of brine injection. The estimated kr and pccurves indicated that the rock was waterwet in the high salinity floods and mixedwet in the low salinity floods. A low salinity water flooding lswf process could be a promising technique to implement on these fields to enhance oil recovery.
Two possible reasons for the late interest would be the assumption that water flooding for carbonate rocks is less. Porescale numerical simulation of low salinity water. We believe no matter the manner and details of mechanism, it ought to be all about ions. The other case uses low salinity water flooding technique by injecting ppm of brine continuously for the same production life, in order to compare the effect of. Abstract low salinity waterflooding is an emerging eor technique in which the. Learn the mechanisms involved in low salinity water injection lswi as an enhanced oil recovery eor process and the application of advanced simulation tools to model this process. This school covers the basics of wettability and lowsalinity water flooding. Coupling low salinity water flooding and steam flooding for. Low salinity water flooding simulation study utpedia. Mysteries behind the low salinity water injection technique.
The low salinity waterflooding is an attractive ecofriendly producing method, recently, for carbonate reservoirs. Mechanistic modeling of low salinity water flooding pdf. Iskandar b dzulkarnain dissertation submitted to the petroleum engineering programme universiti teknologi petronas in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the bachelor of engineering hons degree in petroleum engineering universiti teknologi petronas. Cost of rediducing water sali ilinity may be a show stopper recent research has made a combined low salinity and surfactantpolymer flooding a way of boosting oil recovery and improve the economy of this eor process source. The goal of this msc thesis is to improve the understanding of the in. According to their simulation results, using combined low salinity water and polymer flooding, one third or less of polymer is required in comparison with polymer floods in which high salinity brine is used as the base fluid. Mechanistic modeling of low salinity water flooding. Numerical reservoir simulation of low salinity water flooding. Lowsalinity waterflooding lswf is a potential new method for. The sources of low salinity water are typically rivers, lakes or aquifers associated with meteoric water.
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